Khaberni - The Family Health Care Institute newsletter (from the King Hussein Foundation institutes), presents to the reader today, Tuesday, methods and procedures for preventing respiratory infections, which are among the most widespread diseases. They range from mild colds to more serious illnesses such as influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and bacterial pneumonia.
The Institute's newsletter clarifies what respiratory infections are, their types, the reasons for the increase in cases, the common symptoms, how they are transmitted, ways to prevent them, and when it is necessary to consult a doctor.
In recent years, many countries, including Jordan, have seen significant increases in cases of respiratory disease, especially during the cold seasons or when environmental and social changes facilitate the spread of diseases. Understanding the causes of infections, their symptoms, and ways to prevent them is a fundamental step in protecting the health of individuals and the community.
What are respiratory infections?
These are diseases that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, airways, and lungs. They are divided into two main types:
1. Upper respiratory infections
These include the nose, sinuses, and larynx. Examples include colds, sinusitis, and sore throat. Often mild but spread quickly.
2. Lower respiratory infections
These include the bronchi and lungs, and are usually more serious. Examples include bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.
Infections occur due to various types of pathogens, the most notable are:
- Viruses: such as influenza virus, cold viruses, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and coronaviruses.
- Bacteria: such as pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae.
- Fungi: in rare cases among those with weakened immune systems.
Why do respiratory infection cases increase?
The cases can increase for several reasons, including:
- Seasonal changes: Cold weather helps viruses survive longer and increases crowding indoors.
- Lower community immunity: after periods of reduced exposure to seasonal viruses.
- Environmental factors: such as air pollution, dust storms, and changes in humidity.
- Social behavior: increases in gatherings, travel, and mixing in crowded places.
- The spread of more than one virus at the same time: such as influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and other viruses.
Although this increase might be concerning, most cases can be managed through prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment.
Common symptoms of respiratory infection
Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of the infection, and include:
- Cough (dry or with phlegm)
- Sore throat
- Nasal congestion or runny nose
- Fever or chills
- Fatigue and body aches
- Shortness of breath or chest pain
- Wheezing (especially among children or those with asthma)
- Headache
Symptoms requiring doctor's visit:
- High fever lasting more than 3 days
- Severe breathing difficulty
- Severe chest pain
- Bluish lips or extremities
- Rapid deterioration in health
- Signs of dehydration
How are respiratory infections transmitted?
Respiratory infections are typically transmitted through:
- Respiratory droplets when coughing, sneezing, or talking.
- Aerosols that linger in the air for a period.
- Direct contact with an infected person.
- Contaminated surfaces in public and enclosed spaces.
Spread is more likely in poorly ventilated and crowded areas.
Prevention methods:
Prevention of respiratory infections relies on a combination of healthy habits, environmental measures, and community awareness. Here are some scientifically proven techniques:
First: Personal hygiene and healthy behaviors
1. Frequent hand washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
2. Use of hand sanitizer when water and soap are not available.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing using a tissue or elbow.
4. Avoiding touching the face to limit the entry of viruses into the body.
Second: Boosting immunity through lifestyle
1. Adequate sleep: Lack of sleep reduces the body's ability to fight infections.
2. Proper nutrition: Consuming sufficient amounts of vegetables, fruits, proteins, and water.
3. Regular physical activity: Helps strengthen immunity and improve lung function.
4. Avoiding smoking and pollutants: As they weaken the respiratory system and increase the risk of infections.
Third: Vaccinations
Vaccination is one of the most important means of prevention against serious diseases. Key vaccinations include:
- Annual influenza vaccine
- COVID-19 vaccines and booster doses.
- Pneumococcal vaccines: for children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses.
Vaccination reduces the severity of diseases and alleviates pressure on the healthcare sector.
Fourth: Improving indoor air quality
- Opening windows and enhancing ventilation.
- Using air purifiers.
- Reducing crowding.
- Maintaining cleanliness in homes and offices.
Fifth: Wearing masks during high-risk periods
Especially in:
- Hospitals
- Crowded places
- When displaying symptoms
- When caring for a sick person
Sixth: Early detection and home isolation
The infected person must comply with:
- Rest and hydration
- Staying at home to avoid spreading the infection
- Monitoring symptoms
- Consulting a doctor if the condition worsens
When should you consult a doctor?
The need for medical care increases for:
- Young children
- The elderly
- Pregnant women
- Patients with asthma, heart diseases, and diabetes
- Those with weakened immunity
Early diagnosis and treatment prevent severe complications such as pneumonia or dehydration.
